eigen

R Base 3.6.2

Computes eigenvalues and eigenvectors of numeric (double, integer, logical) or complex matrices.

Syntax

eigen(x, symmetric, only.values = FALSE, EISPACK = FALSE)

Arguments

Parameter	Description
`x`	a numeric or complex matrix whose spectral decomposition is to be computed. Logical matrices are coerced to numeric.
`symmetric`	if TRUE, the matrix is assumed to be symmetric (or Hermitian if complex) and only its lower triangle (diagonal included) is used. If symmetric is not specified, isSymmetric(x) is used.
`only.values`	if TRUE, only the eigenvalues are computed and returned, otherwise both eigenvalues and eigenvectors are returned.
`EISPACK`	logical. Defunct and ignored.

Return Value

The spectral decomposition of x is returned as a list with components valuesa vector containing the \(p\) eigenvalues of x, sorted in decreasing order, according to Mod(values) in the asymmetric case when they might be complex (even for real matrices). For real asymmetric matrices the vector will be complex only if complex conjugate pairs of eigenvalues are detected. vectorseither a \(p\times p\) matrix whose columns contain the eigenvectors of x, or NULL if only.values is TRUE. The vectors are

Details

If symmetric is unspecified, isSymmetric(x) determines if the matrix is symmetric up to plausible numerical inaccuracies. It is surer and typically much faster to set the value yourself. Computing the eigenvectors is the slow part for large matrices. Computing the eigendecomposition of a matrix is subject to errors on a real-world computer: the definitive analysis is Wilkinson (1965). All you can hope for is a solution to a problem suitably close to x. So even though a real asymmetric x may have an algebraic solution with repeated real eigenvalues, the computed solution may be of a similar matrix with complex conjugate pairs of eigenvalues. Unsuccessful results from the underlying LAPACK code will result in an error giving a positive error code (most often 1): these can only be interpreted

Examples

Example

# NOT RUN {
eigen(cbind(c(1,-1), c(-1,1)))
eigen(cbind(c(1,-1), c(-1,1)), symmetric = FALSE)
# same (different algorithm).

eigen(cbind(1, c(1,-1)), only.values = TRUE)
eigen(cbind(-1, 2:1)) # complex values
eigen(print(cbind(c(0, 1i), c(-1i, 0)))) # Hermite ==> real Eigenvalues
## 3 x 3:
eigen(cbind( 1, 3:1, 1:3))
eigen(cbind(-1, c(1:2,0), 0:2)) # complex values

# }